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[] Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome ( HIV/AIDS) is a spectrum of conditions caused by with the (HIV). Following initial infection, a person may not notice any symptoms or may experience a brief period of. Typically, this is followed by a prolonged period with no symptoms. As the infection progresses, it interferes more with the, increasing the risk of common infections like, as well as other, and that rarely affect people who have working immune systems.

These late symptoms of infection are referred to as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). This stage is often also associated with. HIV is spread primarily by (including and ), contaminated,, and during, delivery, or breastfeeding. Some bodily fluids, such as saliva and tears, do not transmit HIV.

Methods of prevention include,,, and. Disease in a baby can often be prevented by giving both the mother and child. There is no cure or; however, antiretroviral treatment can slow the course of the disease and may lead to a near-normal life expectancy. Treatment is recommended as soon as the diagnosis is made. Without treatment, the average survival time after infection is 11 years. In 2016 about 36.7 million people were living with HIV and it resulted in 1 million deaths.

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There were 300,000 fewer new HIV cases in 2016 than in 2015. Most of those infected live in.

Between its discovery and 2014 AIDS has caused an estimated 39 million deaths worldwide. HIV/AIDS is considered a —a disease outbreak which is present over a large area and is actively spreading. HIV is believed to have originated in west-central Africa during the late 19th or early 20th century. AIDS was first recognized by the United States (CDC) in 1981 and its cause—HIV infection—was identified in the early part of the decade. Yuna Ito Trust You Mp3 Free Download. HIV/AIDS has had a great impact on society, both as an illness and as a source of.

The disease also has large. There are many such as the belief that it can be transmitted by casual non-sexual contact.

The disease has become subject to many including the not to support use as prevention. It has attracted international medical and political attention as well as large-scale funding since it was identified in the 1980s. Main symptoms of acute HIV infection The initial period following the contraction of HIV is called acute HIV, primary HIV or acute retroviral syndrome. Many individuals develop an or a 2–4 weeks post exposure while others have no significant symptoms. Symptoms occur in 40–90% of cases and most commonly include,,, a, headache, and/or sores of the mouth and genitals.

The rash, which occurs in 20–50% of cases, presents itself on the trunk and is, classically. Some people also develop at this stage. Gastrointestinal symptoms, such as vomiting or may occur. Neurological symptoms of or also occurs. The duration of the symptoms varies, but is usually one or two weeks. Due to their character, these symptoms are not often as signs of HIV infection.

Even cases that do get seen by a family doctor or a hospital are often misdiagnosed as one of the many common with overlapping symptoms. Thus, it is recommended that HIV be considered in people presenting an unexplained fever who may have risk factors for the infection. Clinical latency The initial symptoms are followed by a stage called clinical latency, asymptomatic HIV, or chronic HIV. Without treatment, this second stage of the of HIV infection can last from about three years to over 20 years (on average, about eight years). While typically there are few or no symptoms at first, near the end of this stage many people experience fever, weight loss, gastrointestinal problems and muscle pains.

Between 50 and 70% of people also develop, characterized by unexplained, non-painful enlargement of more than one group of lymph nodes (other than in the groin) for over three to six months. Although most infected individuals have a detectable viral load and in the absence of treatment will eventually progress to AIDS, a small proportion (about 5%) retain high levels of CD4 + T cells () without for more than 5 years.

These individuals are classified as HIV controllers or (LTNP). Another group consists of those who maintain a low or undetectable viral load without anti-retroviral treatment, known as 'elite controllers' or 'elite suppressors'. They represent approximately 1 in 300 infected persons. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Main symptoms of AIDS. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is defined in terms of either a CD4 + T cell count below 200 cells per µL or the occurrence of specific diseases in association with an HIV infection. In the absence of specific treatment, around half of people infected with HIV develop AIDS within ten years.

The most common initial conditions that alert to the presence of AIDS are (40%), in the form of HIV wasting syndrome (20%), and. Other common signs include recurring. May be caused by,,, and that are normally controlled by the immune system.

Which infections occur depends partly on what organisms are common in the person's environment. These infections may affect nearly every.

People with AIDS have an increased risk of developing various viral-induced cancers, including,,, and. Kaposi's sarcoma is the most common cancer occurring in 10 to 20% of people with HIV. The second most common cancer is lymphoma, which is the cause of death of nearly 16% of people with AIDS and is the initial sign of AIDS in 3 to 4%. Both these cancers are associated with.

Cervical cancer occurs more frequently in those with AIDS because of its association with (HPV). (of the layer that lines the inner part of eyelids and the white part of the eye) is also more common in those with HIV. Additionally, people with AIDS frequently have systemic symptoms such as prolonged fevers, (particularly at night), swollen lymph nodes, chills, weakness, and. Diarrhea is another common symptom, present in about 90% of people with AIDS. They can also be affected by diverse psychiatric and neurological symptoms independent of opportunistic infections and cancers. CDC poster from 1989 highlighting the threat of AIDS associated with drug use The second most frequent mode of HIV transmission is via blood and blood products. Blood-borne transmission can be through needle-sharing during intravenous drug use, needle stick injury, transfusion of contaminated blood or blood product, or medical injections with unsterilized equipment.

The risk from sharing a needle during is between 0.63 and 2.4% per act, with an average of 0.8%. The risk of acquiring HIV from a needle stick from an HIV-infected person is estimated as 0.3% (about 1 in 333) per act and the risk following exposure to infected blood as 0.09% (about 1 in 1000) per act.

In the United States intravenous drug users made up 12% of all new cases of HIV in 2009, and in some areas more than 80% of people who inject drugs are HIV positive. HIV is transmitted in about 93% of using infected blood. In developed countries the risk of acquiring HIV from a blood transfusion is extremely low (less than one in half a million) where improved donor selection and is performed; for example, in the UK the risk is reported at one in five million and in the United States it was one in 1.5 million in 2008. In low income countries, only half of transfusions may be appropriately screened (as of 2008), and it is estimated that up to 15% of HIV infections in these areas come from transfusion of infected blood and blood products, representing between 5% and 10% of global infections. Although rare because of, it is possible to acquire HIV from organ and tissue. Unsafe medical injections play a significant role in.

In 2007, between 12 and 17% of infections in this region were attributed to medical syringe use. The World Health Organization estimates the risk of transmission as a result of a medical injection in Africa at 1.2%. Significant risks are also associated with invasive procedures, assisted delivery, and dental care in this area of the world. People giving or receiving,, and are theoretically at risk of infection but no confirmed cases have been documented. It is not possible for or other insects to transmit HIV. Main articles: and HIV can be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy, during delivery, or through breast milk, resulting in the baby also contracting HIV. This is the third most common way in which HIV is transmitted globally.

In the absence of treatment, the risk of transmission before or during birth is around 20% and in those who also breastfeed 35%. As of 2008, vertical transmission accounted for about 90% of cases of HIV in children. With appropriate treatment the risk of mother-to-child infection can be reduced to about 1%. Preventive treatment involves the mother taking antiretrovirals during pregnancy and delivery, an elective, avoiding breastfeeding, and administering antiretroviral drugs to the newborn. Antiretrovirals when taken by either the mother or the infant decrease the risk of transmission in those who do breastfeed.

However, many of these measures are not available in the developing world. If blood contaminates food during it may pose a risk of transmission. If a woman is untreated, two years of breastfeeding results in an HIV/AIDS risk in her baby of about 17%. Treatment decreases this risk to 1 to 2% per year. Due to the increased risk of death without breastfeeding in many areas in the developing world, the World Health Organization recommends either: (1) the mother and baby being treated with antiretroviral medication while breastfeeding being continued (2) the provision of safe formula. Infection with HIV during pregnancy is also associated with.

Of HIV-1, colored green, budding from a cultured. Is the cause of the spectrum of disease known as HIV/AIDS. HIV is a that primarily infects components of the human such as CD4 + T cells, and. It directly and indirectly destroys CD4 + T cells. HIV is a member of the, part of the family. Lentiviruses share many and characteristics. Many species of mammals are infected by lentiviruses, which are characteristically responsible for long-duration illnesses with a long.

Lentiviruses are transmitted as single-stranded, positive-, enveloped. Upon entry into the target cell, the viral is converted (reverse transcribed) into double-stranded by a virally encoded that is transported along with the viral genome in the virus particle. The resulting viral DNA is then imported into the cell nucleus and integrated into the cellular DNA by a virally encoded and host co-factors. Once integrated, the virus may become, allowing the virus and its host cell to avoid detection by the immune system. Alternatively, the virus may be, producing new RNA genomes and viral proteins that are packaged and released from the cell as new virus particles that begin the replication cycle anew. HIV is now known to spread between CD4 + T cells by two parallel routes: cell-free spread and cell-to-cell spread, i.e.

It employs hybrid spreading mechanisms. In the cell-free spread, virus particles bud from an infected T cell, enter the blood/extracellular fluid and then infect another T cell following a chance encounter. HIV can also disseminate by direct transmission from one cell to another by a process of cell-to-cell spread. The hybrid spreading mechanisms of HIV contribute to the virus's ongoing replication against antiretroviral therapies. Two have been characterized: HIV-1 and HIV-2.

HIV-1 is the virus that was originally discovered (and initially referred to also as LAV or HTLV-III). It is more, more, and is the cause of the majority of HIV infections globally. The lower infectivity of HIV-2 as compared with HIV-1 implies that fewer people exposed to HIV-2 will be infected per exposure.

Because of its relatively poor capacity for transmission, HIV-2 is largely confined to. HIV replication cycle After the virus enters the body there is a period of rapid, leading to an abundance of virus in the peripheral blood. During primary infection, the level of HIV may reach several million virus particles per milliliter of blood.

This response is accompanied by a marked drop in the number of circulating CD4 + T cells. The acute is almost invariably associated with activation of, which kill HIV-infected cells, and subsequently with antibody production,. The CD8 + T cell response is thought to be important in controlling virus levels, which peak and then decline, as the CD4 + T cell counts recover.

A good CD8 + T cell response has been linked to slower disease progression and a better prognosis, though it does not eliminate the virus. Ultimately, HIV causes AIDS by depleting. This weakens the immune system and allows. T cells are essential to the immune response and without them, the body cannot fight infections or kill cancerous cells. The mechanism of CD4 + T cell depletion differs in the acute and chronic phases.

During the acute phase, HIV-induced cell lysis and killing of infected cells by accounts for CD4 + T cell depletion, although may also be a factor. During the chronic phase, the consequences of generalized immune activation coupled with the gradual loss of the ability of the immune system to generate new T cells appear to account for the slow decline in CD4 + T cell numbers. Although the symptoms of immune deficiency characteristic of AIDS do not appear for years after a person is infected, the bulk of CD4 + T cell loss occurs during the first weeks of infection, especially in the intestinal mucosa, which harbors the majority of the lymphocytes found in the body. The reason for the preferential loss of mucosal CD4 + T cells is that the majority of mucosal CD4 + T cells express the protein which HIV uses as a to gain access to the cells, whereas only a small fraction of CD4 + T cells in the bloodstream do so. A specific genetic change that alters the protein when present in both very effectively prevents HIV-1 infection.

HIV seeks out and destroys CCR5 expressing CD4 + T cells during acute infection. A vigorous immune response eventually controls the infection and initiates the clinically latent phase.

CD4 + T cells in mucosal tissues remain particularly affected. Continuous HIV replication causes a state of generalized immune activation persisting throughout the chronic phase. Immune activation, which is reflected by the increased activation state of immune cells and release of pro-inflammatory, results from the activity of several HIV and the immune response to ongoing HIV replication. It is also linked to the breakdown of the immune surveillance system of the gastrointestinal mucosal barrier caused by the depletion of mucosal CD4 + T cells during the acute phase of disease. HIV RNA copies per mL of plasma HIV/AIDS is diagnosed via laboratory testing and then staged based on the presence of. HIV screening is recommended by the for all people 15 years to 65 years of age including all pregnant women. Additionally, testing is recommended for those at high risk, which includes anyone diagnosed with a sexually transmitted illness.

In many areas of the world, a third of HIV carriers only discover they are infected at an advanced stage of the disease when AIDS or severe immunodeficiency has become apparent. HIV testing Most people infected with HIV develop specific (i.e. ) within three to twelve weeks of the initial infection. Diagnosis of primary HIV before seroconversion is done by measuring HIV-. Positive results obtained by antibody or testing are confirmed either by a different antibody or by PCR.

Antibody tests in children younger than 18 months are typically inaccurate due to the continued presence of. Thus HIV infection can only be diagnosed by PCR testing for HIV RNA or DNA, or via testing for the p24 antigen. Much of the world lacks access to reliable PCR testing and many places simply wait until either symptoms develop or the child is old enough for accurate antibody testing. In sub-Saharan Africa as of 2007–2009 between 30 and 70% of the population were aware of their HIV status. In 2009, between 3.6 and 42% of men and women in Sub-Saharan countries were tested which represented a significant increase compared to previous years.

Classifications Two main clinical staging systems are used to classify HIV and HIV-related disease for purposes: the, and the. The CDC's classification system is more frequently adopted in developed countries. Since the WHO's staging system does not require laboratory tests, it is suited to the resource-restricted conditions encountered in developing countries, where it can also be used to help guide clinical management. Iran021 Serial. Despite their differences, the two systems allow comparison for statistical purposes.

The World Health Organization first proposed a definition for AIDS in 1986. Since then, the WHO classification has been updated and expanded several times, with the most recent version being published in 2007.

The WHO system uses the following categories: • Primary HIV infection: May be either asymptomatic or associated with acute retroviral syndrome. • Stage I: HIV infection is with a CD4 + T cell count (also known as CD4 count) greater than 500 per microlitre (µl or cubic mm) of blood. May include generalized lymph node enlargement.

• Stage II: Mild symptoms which may include minor manifestations and recurrent. A CD4 count of less than 500/µl. • Stage III: Advanced symptoms which may include unexplained for longer than a month, severe bacterial infections including tuberculosis of the lung, and a CD4 count of less than 350/µl. • Stage IV or AIDS: severe symptoms which include of the brain, of the,, or and.

A CD4 count of less than 200/µl. The United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention also created a classification system for HIV, and updated it in 2008 and 2014. This system classifies HIV infections based on CD4 count and clinical symptoms, and describes the infection in five groups. AIDS Clinic,, Himachal Pradesh, India, 2010 Sexual contact Consistent use reduces the risk of HIV transmission by approximately 80% over the long term. When condoms are used consistently by a couple in which one person is infected, the rate of HIV infection is less than 1% per year.

There is some evidence to suggest that may provide an equivalent level of protection. Application of a vaginal gel containing (a ) immediately before sex seems to reduce infection rates by approximately 40% among African women. By contrast, use of the may increase the risk of transmission due to its tendency to cause vaginal and rectal irritation.

In 'reduces the acquisition of HIV by heterosexual men by between 38% and 66% over 24 months'. Due to these studies, both the and recommended male circumcision as a method of preventing female-to-male HIV transmission in 2007 in areas with a high rates of HIV. However, whether it protects against male-to-female transmission is disputed, and whether it is of benefit in and among is undetermined. The International Antiviral Society, however, does recommend for all sexually active heterosexual males and that it be discussed as an option with men who have sex with men. Some experts fear that a lower perception of vulnerability among circumcised men may cause more sexual risk-taking behavior, thus negating its preventive effects.

Programs encouraging do not appear to affect subsequent HIV risk. Evidence of any benefit from is equally poor. Provided at school may decrease high risk behavior. A substantial minority of young people continues to engage in high-risk practices despite knowing about HIV/AIDS, underestimating their own risk of becoming infected with HIV. Voluntary counseling and testing people for HIV does not affect risky behavior in those who test negative but does increase condom use in those who test positive.

It is not known whether treating other sexually transmitted infections is effective in preventing HIV. Pre-exposure Antiretroviral treatment among people with HIV whose CD4 count ≤ 550 cells/µL is a very effective way to prevent HIV infection of their partner (a strategy known as treatment as prevention, or TASP). TASP is associated with a 10 to 20 fold reduction in transmission risk.

(PrEP) with a daily dose of the medications, with or without, is effective in a number of groups including men who have sex with men, couples where one is HIV positive, and young heterosexuals in Africa. It may also be effective in intravenous drug users with a study finding a decrease in risk of 0.7 to 0.4 per 100 person years.

Within the health care environment are believed to be effective in decreasing the risk of HIV. Is an important risk factor and strategies such as and appear effective in decreasing this risk. Post-exposure A course of antiretrovirals administered within 48 to 72 hours after exposure to HIV-positive blood or genital secretions is referred to as (PEP).

The use of the single agent reduces the risk of a HIV infection five-fold following a needle-stick injury. As of 2013, the prevention regimen recommended in the United States consists of three medications—, and —as this may reduce the risk further. PEP treatment is recommended after a when the perpetrator is known to be HIV positive, but is controversial when their HIV status is unknown. The duration of treatment is usually four weeks and is frequently associated with adverse effects—where zidovudine is used, about 70% of cases result in adverse effects such as nausea (24%), fatigue (22%), emotional distress (13%) and headaches (9%). Main article: Programs to prevent the of HIV (from mothers to children) can reduce rates of transmission by 92–99%.

This primarily involves the use of a combination of antiviral medications during pregnancy and after birth in the infant and potentially includes rather than. If replacement feeding is acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable, and safe, mothers should avoid breastfeeding their infants; however exclusive breastfeeding is recommended during the first months of life if this is not the case. If exclusive breastfeeding is carried out, the provision of extended antiretroviral prophylaxis to the infant decreases the risk of transmission. In 2015, became the first country in the world to eradicate mother-to-child transmission of HIV.

– a common once-daily ART regime consisting of,, and the booster Current HAART options are combinations (or 'cocktails') consisting of at least three medications belonging to at least two types, or 'classes,' of agents. Initially treatment is typically a (NNRTI) plus two (NRTIs). Typical NRTIs include: (AZT) or (TDF) and (3TC) or (FTC). Combinations of agents which include (PI) are used if the above regimen loses effectiveness. The World Health Organization and United States recommends antiretrovirals in people of all ages including pregnant women as soon as the diagnosis is made regardless of CD4 count.

Once treatment is begun it is recommended that it is continued without breaks or 'holidays'. Many people are diagnosed only after treatment ideally should have begun. The desired outcome of treatment is a long term plasma HIV-RNA count below 50 copies/mL. Levels to determine if treatment is effective are initially recommended after four weeks and once levels fall below 50 copies/mL checks every three to six months are typically adequate. Inadequate control is deemed to be greater than 400 copies/mL. Based on these criteria treatment is effective in more than 95% of people during the first year. Benefits of treatment include a decreased risk of progression to AIDS and a decreased risk of death.

In the developing world treatment also improves physical and mental health. With treatment there is a 70% reduced risk of acquiring tuberculosis.

Additional benefits include a decreased risk of transmission of the disease to sexual partners and a decrease in mother-to-child transmission. The effectiveness of treatment depends to a large part on compliance. Reasons for non-adherence include poor access to medical care, inadequate social supports, and. The complexity of treatment regimens (due to pill numbers and dosing frequency) and may reduce adherence. Even though cost is an important issue with some medications, 47% of those who needed them were taking them in low and middle income countries as of 2010 and the rate of adherence is similar in low-income and high-income countries.

Specific adverse events are related to the antiretroviral agent taken. Some relatively common adverse events include:,, and, especially with protease inhibitors.

Other common symptoms include, and an increased risk of. Newer recommended treatments are associated with fewer adverse effects.

Certain medications may be associated with and therefore may be unsuitable for women hoping to have children. Treatment recommendations for children are somewhat different from those for adults. The World Health Organization recommends treating all children less than 5 years of age; children above 5 are treated like adults. The United States guidelines recommend treating all children less than 12 months of age and all those with HIV RNA counts greater than 100,000 copies/mL between one year and five years of age.

Opportunistic infections Measures to prevent opportunistic infections are effective in many people with HIV/AIDS. In addition to improving current disease, treatment with antiretrovirals reduces the risk of developing additional opportunistic infections. Adults and adolescents who are living with HIV (even on anti-retroviral therapy) with no evidence of active tuberculosis in settings with high tuberculosis burden should receive (IPT), the can be used to help decide if IPT is needed. Against A and B is advised for all people at risk of HIV before they become infected; however it may also be given after infection.

Prophylaxis between four and six weeks of age and ceasing breastfeeding in infants born to HIV positive mothers is recommended in resource limited settings. It is also recommended to prevent PCP when a person's CD4 count is below 200 cells/uL and in those who have or have previously had PCP.

People with substantial immunosuppression are also advised to receive prophylactic therapy for and. Appropriate preventive measures have reduced the rate of these infections by 50% between 1992 and 1997. And are often recommended in people with HIV/AIDS with some evidence of benefit.

Main article: The (WHO) has issued recommendations regarding nutrient requirements in HIV/AIDS. A generally healthy diet is promoted. Dietary intake of micronutrients at levels by HIV-infected adults is recommended by the WHO; higher intake of vitamin A,, and iron can produce adverse effects in HIV positive adults, and is not recommended unless there is documented deficiency. Dietary supplementation for people who are infected with HIV and who have inadequate nutrition or dietary deficiencies may strengthen their immune systems or help them recover from infections, however evidence indicating an overall benefit in morbidity or reduction in mortality is not consistent. Evidence for supplementation with is mixed with some tentative evidence of benefit. For pregnant and lactating women with HIV, supplement improves outcomes for both mothers and children.

If the pregnant or lactating mother has been advised to take anti-retroviral medication to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission, multivitamin supplements should not replace these treatments. There is some evidence that supplementation in children with an HIV infection reduces mortality and improves growth.

Alternative medicine In the US, approximately 60% of people with HIV use various forms of, even though the effectiveness of most of these therapies has not been established. There is not enough evidence to support the use of. There is insufficient evidence to recommend or support the use of to try to increase appetite or weight gain. 1,403–5,828 HIV/AIDS has become a rather than an acutely fatal disease in many areas of the world.

Prognosis varies between people, and both the CD4 count and viral load are useful for predicted outcomes. Without treatment, average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype. After the diagnosis of AIDS, if treatment is not available, survival ranges between 6 and 19 months. And appropriate prevention of opportunistic infections reduces the death rate by 80%, and raises the life expectancy for a newly diagnosed young adult to 20–50 years. This is between two thirds and nearly that of the general population. If treatment is started late in the infection, prognosis is not as good: for example, if treatment is begun following the diagnosis of AIDS, life expectancy is ~10–40 years.

Half of infants born with HIV die before two years of age without treatment. ≥ 50,000 The primary causes of death from HIV/AIDS are and, both of which are frequently the result of the progressive failure of the immune system. Risk of cancer appears to increase once the CD4 count is below 500/μL. The rate of clinical disease progression varies widely between individuals and has been shown to be affected by a number of factors such as a person's susceptibility and immune function; their access to health care, the presence of co-infections; and the particular strain (or strains) of the virus involved. Co-infection is one of the leading causes of sickness and death in those with HIV/AIDS being present in a third of all HIV-infected people and causing 25% of HIV-related deaths. HIV is also one of the most important risk factors for tuberculosis. Is another very common co-infection where each disease increases the progression of the other.

The two most common cancers associated with HIV/AIDS are and AIDS-related. Other cancers that are more frequent include,,, and. Even with anti-retroviral treatment, over the long term HIV-infected people may experience,,, cancers,, and. Some conditions like may be caused both by HIV and its treatment.

15–50 HIV/AIDS is a global. As of 2016, approximately 36.7 million people have HIV worldwide with the number of new infections that year being about 1.8 million. This is down from 3.1 million new infections in 2001. Slightly over half the infected population are women and 2.1 million are children.

It resulted in about 1 million deaths in 2016, down from a peak of 1.9 million in 2005. Is the region most affected. In 2010, an estimated 68% (22.9 million) of all HIV cases and 66% of all deaths (1.2 million) occurred in this region. This means that about 5% of the adult population is infected and it is believed to be the cause of 10% of all deaths in children. Here in contrast to other regions women compose nearly 60% of cases. Has the largest population of people with HIV of any country in the world at 5.9 million.

Has fallen in the worst-affected countries due to HIV/AIDS; for example, in 2006 it was estimated that it had dropped from 65 to 35 years in. Mother-to-child transmission, as of 2013, in Botswana and South Africa has decreased to less than 5% with improvement in many other African nations due to improved access to antiretroviral therapy. Is the second most affected; in 2010 this region contained an estimated 4 million cases or 12% of all people living with HIV resulting in approximately 250,000 deaths. Approximately 2.4 million of these cases are in India. In 2008 in the United States approximately 1.2 million people were living with HIV, resulting in about 17,500 deaths. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that in 2008 20% of infected Americans were unaware of their infection. As of 2016 about 675,000 people have died of HIV/AIDS in the USA since the beginning of the HIV epidemic.

In the as of 2015 there were approximately 101,200 cases which resulted in 594 deaths. In Canada as of 2008 there were about 65,000 cases causing 53 deaths. Between the first recognition of AIDS in 1981 and 2009 it has led to nearly 30 million deaths. Prevalence is lowest in Middle East and North Africa at 0.1% or less, at 0.1% and Western and Central Europe at 0.2%.

The worst affected European countries, in 2009 and 2012 estimates, are,,,, and, in decreasing order of prevalence. The reported in 1981 on what was later to be called 'AIDS'. AIDS was first clinically observed in 1981 in the United States. The initial cases were a cluster of injecting drug users and homosexual men with no known cause of impaired immunity who showed symptoms of pneumonia (PCP), a rare opportunistic infection that was known to occur in people with very compromised immune systems.

Soon thereafter, an unexpected number of homosexual men developed a previously rare skin cancer called (KS). Many more cases of PCP and KS emerged, alerting U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and a CDC task force was formed to monitor the outbreak.

In the early days, the CDC did not have an official name for the disease, often referring to it by way of the diseases that were associated with it, for example,, the disease after which the discoverers of HIV originally named the virus. They also used Kaposi's sarcoma and opportunistic infections, the name by which a task force had been set up in 1981. At one point, the CDC coined the phrase 'the 4H disease', since the syndrome seemed to affect heroin users, homosexuals,, and. In the general press, the term 'GRID', which stood for, had been coined. However, after determining that AIDS was not isolated to the, it was realized that the term GRID was misleading and the term AIDS was introduced at a meeting in July 1982. By September 1982 the CDC started referring to the disease as AIDS.

In 1983, two separate research groups led by and declared that a novel retrovirus may have been infecting people with AIDS, and published their findings in the same issue of the journal. Gallo claimed that a virus his group had isolated from a person with AIDS was strikingly similar in to other (HTLVs) his group had been the first to isolate.

Gallo's group called their newly isolated virus HTLV-III. At the same time, Montagnier's group isolated a virus from a person presenting with swelling of the of the neck and, two characteristic symptoms of AIDS. Contradicting the report from Gallo's group, Montagnier and his colleagues showed that core proteins of this virus were immunologically different from those of HTLV-I. Montagnier's group named their isolated virus lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV).

As these two viruses turned out to be the same, in 1986, LAV and HTLV-III were renamed HIV. Became a for HIV after being expelled from school because he was infected. AIDS stigma exists around the world in a variety of ways, including,, discrimination and avoidance of HIV infected people; compulsory HIV testing without prior or protection of; violence against HIV infected individuals or people who are perceived to be infected with HIV; and the of HIV infected individuals. Stigma-related violence or the fear of violence prevents many people from seeking HIV testing, returning for their results, or securing treatment, possibly turning what could be a manageable chronic illness into a death sentence and perpetuating the spread of HIV. AIDS stigma has been further divided into the following three categories: • Instrumental AIDS stigma—a reflection of the fear and apprehension that are likely to be associated with any deadly and transmissible illness. • Symbolic AIDS stigma—the use of HIV/AIDS to express attitudes toward the social groups or lifestyles perceived to be associated with the disease.

• Courtesy AIDS stigma—stigmatization of people connected to the issue of HIV/AIDS or HIV-positive people. Often, AIDS stigma is expressed in conjunction with one or more other stigmas, particularly those associated with homosexuality,,, prostitution, and. In many, there is, and this association is correlated with higher levels of sexual prejudice, such as / attitudes.

There is also a perceived association between AIDS and all male-male sexual behavior, including sex between uninfected men. However, the dominant mode of spread worldwide for HIV remains heterosexual transmission. In 2003, as part of an overall reform of marriage and population legislation, it became legal for people with AIDS to marry in China. Economic impact.

Changes in life expectancy in some African countries, 1960–2012 HIV/AIDS affects the economics of both individuals and countries. The of the most affected countries has decreased due to the lack of. Without proper nutrition, health care and medicine, large numbers of people die from AIDS-related complications.

They will not only be unable to work, but will also require significant medical care. It is estimated that as of 2007 there were 12 million. Many are cared for by elderly grandparents. Returning to work after beginning treatment for HIV/AIDS is difficult, and affected people often work less than the average worker. In people with HIV/AIDS also is associated with, memory problems, and social isolation; employment increases, sense of dignity, confidence, and.

A 2015 Cochrane review found low-quality evidence that antiretroviral treatment helps people with HIV/AIDS work more, and increases the chance that a person with HIV/AIDS will be employed. By affecting mainly young adults, AIDS reduces the taxable population, in turn reducing the resources available for such as education and health services not related to AIDS resulting in increasing pressure for the state's finances and slower growth of the economy. This causes a slower growth of the tax base, an effect that is reinforced if there are growing expenditures on treating the sick, training (to replace sick workers), sick pay and caring for AIDS orphans. This is especially true if the sharp increase in adult mortality shifts the responsibility and blame from the family to the government in caring for these orphans. At the household level, AIDS causes both loss of income and increased spending on healthcare.

A study in showed that households having a person with HIV/AIDS spent twice as much on medical expenses as other households. This additional expenditure also leaves less income to spend on education and other personal or family investment. Religion and AIDS.

Main article: The topic of religion and AIDS has become highly controversial in the past twenty years, primarily because some religious authorities have publicly declared their opposition to the use of condoms. The religious approach to prevent the spread of AIDS according to a report by American health expert Matthew Hanley titled The Catholic Church and the Global AIDS Crisis argues that cultural changes are needed including a re-emphasis on fidelity within marriage and sexual abstinence outside of it. Some religious organizations have claimed that prayer can cure HIV/AIDS.

In 2011, the BBC reported that some churches in London were claiming that prayer would cure AIDS, and the -based Centre for the Study of Sexual Health and HIV reported that several people stopped taking their medication, sometimes on the direct advice of their pastor, leading to a number of deaths. The advertised an 'anointing water' to promote God's healing, although the group denies advising people to stop taking medication. Media portrayal. Main article: One of the first high-profile cases of AIDS was the American, a gay actor who had been married and divorced earlier in life, who died on October 2, 1985 having announced that he was suffering from the virus on July 25 that year. He had been diagnosed during 1984.

A notable British casualty of AIDS that year was, a gay politician and son of the late prime minister. On November 24, 1991, the virus claimed the life of British rock star, lead singer of the band, who died from an AIDS-related illness having only revealed the diagnosis on the previous day. However, he had been diagnosed as HIV positive in 1987. One of the first high-profile heterosexual cases of the virus was, the American tennis player.

He was diagnosed as HIV positive on August 31, 1988, having contracted the virus from blood transfusions during heart surgery earlier in the 1980s. Further tests within 24 hours of the initial diagnosis revealed that Ashe had AIDS, but he did not tell the public about his diagnosis until April 1992.

He died as a result on February 6, 1993 at age 49. Therese Frare's photograph of gay activist, as he lay dying from AIDS while surrounded by family, was taken in April 1990.

Said the photo became the one image 'most powerfully identified with the HIV/AIDS epidemic.' The photo was displayed in LIFE magazine, was the winner of the, and acquired worldwide notoriety after being used in a advertising campaign in 1992. In 1996,, a Ugandan-born Canadian was diagnosed with HIV, but subsequently had unprotected sex with 11 women without disclosing his diagnosis. By 2003 seven had contracted HIV, and two died from complications related to AIDS. Aziga was convicted of and was sentenced for life.

Criminal transmission. Main articles: and There are many.

Three of the most common are that AIDS can spread through casual contact, that will cure AIDS, and that HIV can infect only gay men and drug users. In 2014, some among the British public wrongly thought one could get HIV from kissing (16%), sharing a glass (5%), spitting (16%), a public toilet seat (4%), and coughing or sneezing (5%). Other misconceptions are that any act of anal intercourse between two uninfected gay men can lead to HIV infection, and that open discussion of HIV and homosexuality in schools will lead to increased rates of AIDS. A small group of individuals continue to dispute the connection between HIV and AIDS, the existence of HIV itself, or the validity of HIV testing and treatment methods. These claims, known as, have been examined and rejected by the scientific community.

However, they have had a significant political impact, particularly, where the government's official embrace of AIDS denialism (1999–2005) was responsible for its ineffective response to that country's AIDS epidemic, and has been blamed for hundreds of thousands of avoidable deaths and HIV infections. Several discredited have held that HIV was created by scientists, either inadvertently or deliberately.

Was a worldwide Soviet operation to spread the claim that the United States had created HIV/AIDS. Surveys show that a significant number of people believed – and continue to believe – in such claims.