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Teachers and scholars consider the unattributed use of someone else's words and ideas to be a very serious offense, but the public doesn't seem to mind much, at least when it comes to politics. The incidents of plagiarism and fabrication that forced Joe Biden to quit the 1988 presidential race have drawn little comment since his selection as Barack Obama's vice presidential running mate—just as revelations of plagiarism by Stephen Ambrose and Doris Kearns Goodwin scarcely hurt their book sales. In 1987, before Biden quit the race, he called the incidents 'a tempest in a teapot.' Although most reporters disagreed then, at least enough to pursue the story, they seem now—perhaps jaded by two decades of scandal-mongering—to have come around to Biden's view. But Biden's exit from the 1988 race is worth recalling in detail, because his transgressions far exceeded Obama's own relatively innocent lifting of rhetorical set pieces from his friend Deval Patrick, which occasioned a brief flap last February. Biden's misdeeds encompassed numerous self-aggrandizing thefts, misstatements, and exaggerations that seemed to point to a serious character defect.

In some ways, the 1988 campaign—in which scandal forced not just Biden but also Gary Hart from the race—marked a watershed in the absurd gotcha politics that have since marred our politics and punditry. But unlike Hart's plight, Biden's can't be blamed on an overly intrusive or hectoring press corps. The press was right to dig into this one.

In the 1988 race, Biden began as a long shot. But after Hart dropped out in May 1987 over the exposure of his affair with Donna Rice, none of the remaining 'seven dwarves' in the Democratic field pulled away from the pack. Biden's youth and vitality—as well as his tutelage by Patrick Caddell, the pollster-consultant considered a veritable magician by insiders—made him a decent bet to reach the front of the pack. Over the summer, the rival campaigns of Michael Dukakis and Dick Gephardt became concerned as Biden ticked upward in the polls. At first Biden would credit Kinnock when he quoted him. But at some point he failed to offer the attribution.

Biden maintained that he lapsed only once—at a debate at the Iowa State Fair, on Aug. 23, when cameras recorded it—but Maureen Dowd of the New York Times reported two incidents of nonattribution, and no one kept track exactly of every time Biden used the Kinnock bit. (Click for examples of Biden's lifting.) What is certain is that Biden didn't simply borrow the sort of boilerplate that counts as common currency in political discourse—phrases like 'fighting for working families.' What he borrowed was Kinnock's life. Biden lifted Kinnock's precise turns of phrase and his sequences of ideas—a degree of plagiarism that would qualify any student for failure, if not expulsion from school.

But the even greater sin was to borrow biographical facts from Kinnock that, although true about Kinnock, didn't apply to Biden. Unlike Kinnock, Biden wasn't the first person in his family history to attend college, as he asserted; nor were his ancestors coal miners, as he claimed when he used Kinnock's words.

Once exposed, Biden's campaign team managed to come up with a great-grandfather who had been a mining engineer, but he hardly fit the candidate's description of one who 'would come up [from the mines] after 12 hours and play football. Eugene Hecht Physics Pdf Free. ' At any rate, Biden had delivered his offending remarks with an introduction that clearly implied he had come up with them himself and that they pertained to his own life. Most American political reporters were not so attuned to Britain's politics that they recognized Kinnock's words. But Michael Dukakis' adviser John Sasso had seen the Kinnock tape.

Without his boss's knowledge or consent, he prepared a video juxtaposing the two men's speeches and got it into the hands of Dowd at the Times, David Yepsen of the Des Moines Register, and NBC News. When the story broke on Sept. 12, Biden was gearing up to chair the Supreme Court nomination hearings for Robert Bork, Ronald Reagan's far-right nominee. Biden angrily denied having done anything wrong and urged the press to chase after the political rival who had sent out what came to be called the 'attack video.'

Unfortunately for Biden, more revelations of plagiarism followed, distracting him from the Bork hearings. Over the next days, it emerged that Biden had lifted significant portions of speeches from Robert Kennedy and Hubert Humphrey. From Kennedy, he took four long sentences in one case and two memorable sentences in another. (In one account, Biden said that Pat Caddell had inserted them in his speech without Biden's knowledge; in another account, the failure to credit RFK was chalked up to the hasty cutting and pasting that went into the speech.) From Humphrey, the hot passage was a particularly affecting appeal for government to help the neediest. Yet another uncited borrowing came from John F.

If that wasn't bad enough, Biden admitted the next day that while in law school he had received an F for a course because he had plagiarized five pages from a published article in a term paper that he submitted. He admitted as well that he had falsely stated that British Labor official Denis Healey had given him the Kinnock tape.

(Healey had denied the claim.) And Biden conceded that he had exaggerated in another matter by stating in a speech some years earlier that he had joined sit-ins to desegregate restaurants and movie theaters, and was thus actively involved in the civil rights movement. He protested, his press secretary clarified, 'to desegregate one restaurant and one movie theater.' The latter two of these fibs were small potatoes by any reckoning, but in the context of other acts of dishonesty, they helped to form a bigger picture. 'I think I probably have a much higher IQ than you do, I suspect,' Biden sniped at the voter.

'I went to law school on a full academic scholarship.' That claim was false, as was another claim, made in the same rant, that he graduated in the top half of his law-school class. Biden wrongly stated, too, that he had earned three undergraduate degrees, when in fact he had earned one—a double major in history and political science. Another round of press inquiries followed, and Biden finally withdrew from the race on Sept. Twenty-one years on, how much should Biden's past behavior matter? In and of itself, the plagiarism episode shouldn't automatically disqualify Biden from regaining favor and credibility, especially if in the intervening two decades he's not done more of the same, as seems to be the case. But no one has looked into it.

The press should give his record since 1988 a thorough vetting. It's worth knowing whether the odds-on favorite to be our next vice president has truly reformed himself of behavior that can often be the mark of a deeply troubled soul.

Tennessee Obsolete - Merchant scrip & Banknotes Tennessee Obsolete - Merchant scrip & Banknotes Compiled and Edited & Copyright 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 Updated September 20, 2017 11:38 AM Introduction, Progress and Status of Development Background The Tennessee obsolete currency issued from banks, the state and local governments is covered by Paul Garland's book THE HISTORY OF EARLY TENNESSEE BANKS AND THEIR ISSUES. However, neither Paul's book nor any other source has been published on Tennessee merchant scrip.

As we solicited information about our previous e-book, Chattanooga Money, Bill Swafford, Jr. Gave us a copy of a listing with 279 Xerox copies of Tennessee merchant scrip. Tom immediately recognized it as a copy of Charlie Sedman's collection he had sold in the 1980s to the Schingoethes. We talked with Charlie Sedman and he agreed to let us use it as a starting point for publishing a reference on Tennessee merchant scrip.

Charlie said that he and Paul Garland were going to do a book on Tennessee merchant scrip but never got to it. Scope The authors built a draft reference of Tennessee Merchant Scrip issued prior to about 1900 one city at a time over a period of 1-2 years in an electronic format to keep the publication cost at a minimum and allow continuous updating of the material over the time span. The approach was to build the reference on a web site where the partly completed reference can be accessed to solicit contributions of historical information, color images and listing of the scrip for inclusion.

Initially the reference contained a listing of known Tennessee scrip with draft web pages from the cities we knew issued scrip. We included color images in the scrip listing. If we only had a Xerox copy of the scrip it was included with a note that a color image was needed. If we did not have an image of the scrip but knew it existed from catalog listings or other references we inserted a note that the image is needed. New cities were added when new notes from that city were found and previous city's information was updated over time. Historical information and images was credited to each contributor within the reference.

A 'What's new' sequential time listing of contributions has been maintained on the Web site (see contributions section below) to encourage contributors and allow users to follow construction and updates. The reference includes a listing of all known Tennessee merchant scrip, color images of all notes and background information for each merchant.

Rarity was estimated and records of past asking / selling prices are included in an Excel file that is also continuously updated. The scrip is listed within each city by issuing company, or signature with a few notes on each page. Where there a large number of notes from a single company they are listed on multiple pages. Merchants Scrip Issued Before the Civil War Most scrip issued prior to the Civil War was specifically printed for a specific company or businessman with the name printed and signed by the principle officer. During the Hard Times Period (1837 - 1842) banks created pre-denominated 'checks' that the customers signed as they were issued to making change for banknotes. They also indicated they were redeemanble for goods not money to avoid the Federal law that taxed banknotes. Civil War Merchants Scrip Fractional currency or scrip came into prominence during the Civil War because US coins were hoarded because their bullion value was greater than their monetary value and because the CSA did not produce coins.

The CSA did not produce any fractional currency in the early part of the war. Most of the scrip issued during the Civil War was not printed locally for a specific business. It was general scrip that any business could buy, sign and issue. Merchants Scrip Issued After the Civil War Most scrip issued after to the Civil War was specifically printed for a specific company in many different denominations with the company name printed and signed by an official of the company. Publication Plan and Reference Format (updated 9/5/2016) As the electronic reference was built; it was published on the web in a format that allows viewing on your PC.

The web format allowed users to follow the construction of the reference and see what is needed that they can contribute. Initially we planned to sell a book and use of the web site. However, after being advised a publisher or a loan to self publish would not want the web site to compete with the book selling. Therefore, when all books have been sold, access to the web site will be opened for nominal fee.

Expanded Scope As we were assembling the material and building the web site for the Tennessee Scrip book the Schingoethe Collection began to be sold by R. Their collection was the largest collection of obsolete notes that has ever been sold. Smythe generously provided us with high resolution images that we requested.

At the same time Bill Sharp encouraged us to expand our scope to include all Tennessee obsolete notes. After consulting with numerous collectors and dealers we agreed to expand our scope to include all Tennessee obsolete notes. Bill provided us with an electronic copy of his whole collection (800+ notes) of Tennessee obsolete notes with comments on each note. In 2009 we applied for and won the Wait Award from SPMC. We used the $500 award to purchase software, Dreamweaver and Adobe In Design, for the project. Note Organization in the book Both the parent and the branch banknotes of the multi-branch banks, such as the Bank of Tennessee, the Planters Bank of Tennessee and the Union Bank of Tennessee, have the parent bank city printed on the note.

The branch banks also have the branch city handwritten on the note. The parent banknotes may have the parent city handwritten on the note in addition to the printed parent city or the parent banknotes may be issued with the location of the hand written branch designation blank. Generally the same printed notes were used for the parent and each of the branch banks of the multi-branch banks. The parent and the individual banks were responsible for issuing and redeeming their own notes. The notes are listed by the city of each branch in this book. The rarity and price are significantly different for the same printed note depending on which branch issued it. The Tennessee legislature required that notes had to be redeemable at a location if they were issued at that location.

(Example: The owners of the Bank of Memphis and the Bank of Chattanooga could issue notes from the other bank only if they were redeemable at that location.) The scrip notes generally have the city of issue printed on the note. Most the scrip is redeemable at the same location. Each scrip note is listed in the scrip section for the city. Scrip that was not issued from Tennessee but is payable in a city in Tennessee is listed in the Tennessee city that it is payable (Example: scrip was issued by Jas. Randals in Atlanta, GA was payable in Bone Cave, TN is listed under Bone Cave). Scrip that is issued in Tennessee but payable outside of the state is listed in the Tennessee city of issue (Example: Scrip issued by J.

Martin in Chattanooga, TN was payable in Eufaula, AL where he lived. It is listed under Chattanooga, TN.) There are a few scrip notes issued in a small Tennessee city and payable in a larger Tennessee city bank. They are listed in the city of issue. (Example: Titus Nielson issued scrip in Trenton, TN, payable at the Union Bank of Tennessee in Jackson, TN is listed in the issued city of Trenton.) List of Listings, Images, History, Etc. Contributed Contributions will be identified by source in e-book.

If we did not list your contribution let us know. Date Contributor Contribution 9/19/2017 Mitch Kinder New Listing: Blue Springs: $7.15 Blue Springs Mining Co., April 1894, BS-M.BSM-715c 3/22/2017 John Goins New Listing: Bank of TN at Brownsville: $0.10 Train, right 10 vs coin, December 1, 1861, B-B.TN3-10c-3 2/20/2017 Greg Ton New Listing added to website and book (Errata): Carthage scrip scrip: $0.75 A. Sanders, Oct. 25, 1862, Ct-M.San-75c-2; Cocke County mercant scrip: $0.10 James Shelton, Heraldic Eagle at right, Nov.

21, 1816, CxC-M.She-25c; Morristown: Right: L, Left: 50, unreadable signature, July. 15, 1862, Mr-M.unk-50c; Fayetteville scrip: $0.50 Brice M. 5, 1816, Fa-M.Gnr-50c; Nashville scrip: $0.0625 Jas. Rusmon, questionable signature, Sidewheeler, Nov. 3, 1838, N-M.Rus-6c-12b; $1 Angel, Feb. 3d, 1838, N-M.unk-1-15Un Improved or Color Images or Higher Resolution: Columbia Scrip: $0.10 James Andrews, Milk maid facing left, May 13, 1863, Upgraded image in web & book, modified rarity to R13, Co-M.And-10c-1b; Nashville scrip: $1.25 A. Erwin & Sons, June 5, 1826, N-M.Erw-125c, corrected date and serial number in book and website; 2; New Denomination: Carthage scrip added to website: $0.50 A.

Sanders, Dec. 5, 1862, Ct-M.San-50c; 2/19/2017 The following notes discovered that were put on the website at the time they were discovered between 8/22/2015 and 2/19/2017 were put in the Errata section of the TN Obsolete Book under construction: $1 Cocke County Scrip listed as (Garland 1329) Np-G.CxC-2 Liberty seated by shield & eagle. Jackson scrip payable at Bank of TN at Trenton: $2.00 Taliaferro & Mason, white open 2,payable Bank TN at Trenton, April 25, 1862, T-M.T&M-2-2. Farmers and Memphis Bank of Memphis: $10 Steamboat, R: Woman, L: Liberty, blue overprint, full date & Banking House printed, M-B.F&M-10-3f, Host note, turned 90 degrees to print MS & TN RR $3 G-1426 unlisted in Garland or Haxby. State of Tennessee Warrant: $5.00 State of TN Redeemable Oct. 1885 Series C, July 1, 1884, N-G.TN-5-2b.

Bank of East TN, Jonesboro:$20 Bank of East TN, Sep. 1st 1856, Jo-B.ET-20-4Cf. Bank of TN at Nashville: $0.25 Sidewheeler, 1 signature, red Quarter DOLL. Overprint, December 1, 1861, N-B.TN3-25c-2. Knoxville Scrip: $0.25 E. 1862, K-M.Jor-25c. Bank of TN at Knoxville: $0.25 Thick wide overprint, Pres.

Printed, Oct. 1, 1862, K-B.TN3-25c-4. Nashville Scrip: $3.00 The White Creek Spring Co., S. Atkinson President, June 13, 1862, N-M.WCS-3. Citizens Bank, Knoxville branch: $10 Battle New Orleans, L: Jackson, Nashville printed, Knoxville written,K-B.Cit-10-1.

Bucks Bank of McMinnville: $5 Hunter loading rifle, R: Jackson, L: Farm family, The Bucks Bank, MM-B.Buc-5-1a. Franklin Scrip: $1.00 Steamboat center, Sep.

12, 1837, F-M.Bld-1-1. Bank of TN at Athens: $0.10 Train, December 1, 1861, A-B.TN3-10c-1 5/20/2016 Richard Morin New Listing: Jackson scrip payable at Bank of TN at Trenton: $2.00 Taliaferro & Mason, white open 2, payable Bank TN at Trenton, April 25, 1862, T-M.T&M-2-2 5/14/2016 John Abernathy New Listing: Farmers and Memphis Bank of Memphis: $10 Steamboat, R: Woman, L: Liberty, blue overprint, full date & Banking House printed, M-B.F&M-10-3f, Host note, turned 90 degrees to print MS & TN RR $3 G-1426 unlisted in Garland or Haxby. Additional Image / Serial No.: Bank of Chattanooga: $50 Oxen pulling wagon 1860 C-B.C-50-2; City of Chattanooga: $5 City Chattanooga, Type 1, due 1 yr. After issue C-G.C-5-1 5/4/2016 Heritage Auction 241618 Eric Newman Sale New Listing: Chattanooga Scrip: $0.50 A.

Merritt, 10/1/62, C-M.Mer-50c issued note higher grade new information on issuer. Additional Image / Serial No.: Bank of Chattanooga: $50 Oxen pulling wagon 1860 C-B.C-50-2; City of Chattanooga: $5 City Chattanooga, Type 1, due 1 yr. After issue C-G.C-5-1 4/16/2016 Hugh Shull Dennis Schafluetzel New Listing: Bank of TN Nashville branch: $1.00 Farm implements & products no overprint, Disapproved, December 1, 1861, N-B.TN3-1-4b Additional Image / Serial No.: Bank of TN Nashville branch: $0.05 Three-Masted Sidewheeler Ship, December 1, 1861, N-B.TN3-5c-1 Signed by M. Parker 3/31/2016 Stacks Bowers lot 15130 Improved or Color Images or Higher Resolution: Memphis Scrip: $0.25 Graham DeBow & Co., no date, M-M.Gra-25c-2 3/29/2016 Heritage Auction 141613 New Listing: State of Tennessee Warrant: $5.00 State of TN Redeemable Oct.

1885 Series C, July 1, 1884, N-G.TN-5-2b 3/6/2016 Chris Jones New Listing: Bank of East TN, Jonesboro: $20 Bank of East TN, Sep. 1st 1856, Jo-B.ET-20-4Cf; Bank of TN at Nashville: $0.25 Sidewheeler, 1 signature, red Quarter DOLL. Overprint, December 1, 1861, N-B.TN3-25c-2; Bank of TN at Trenton: $0.05 Three-Masted Sidewheeler Ship, 5 vs coin to right, December 1, 1861, T-B.TN3-5c-3; $300 Bank of Tennessee at Nashville Chattanooga, April 9, 1862 Draft to a New Orleans bank. Signed by cashier John A. Improved or Color Images or Higher Resolution: Jackson Scrip: $2.00 Mobile & Ohio RR on Union Bk TN at Jackson, B. Bond, Jan'ry 1st, 1862, J-M.M&O-2; Clarksville Scrip: $0.25 A.

Howell, Payable Bk of TN notes, Nov. 1, 1862, Cr-M.How-25c; Bank of TN Columbia: $0.10 Train, right 10 vs. Coin, December 1, 1861, Co-B.TN3-10c-3; Bank of Memphis: $1 Three allegorical figures, state die, R: Lady seated, L: male portrait, red back, M-B.M-1-1; $0.50 Mississippi & Tennessee Railroad, M-R.M&T-50c-3; 1/19/2016 Heritage Auction 141603 New Listing: Wills Valley Railroad: $0.25 STATE OF GEORGIA, 11th December 1861, C-R.Wil-25c-1n 1/14/2016 CSA-Railroads.com New Listing: $0.25 Mississippi & Tennessee Railroad, M-R.M&T-25c-2 1/12/2016 Heritage Auction 3541 FUN New Listing: Knoxville Scrip: $0.25 E. 1862, K-M.Jor-25c; Bank of TN at Knoxville: $0.25 Thick wide overprint, Pres. Printed, Oct. 1, 1862, K-B.TN3-25c-4; Planters Bank of Athens: $0. Magnetic Card Reader And Writer Software there. 05 Large 5 at lower right, A-B.Pla-5c; Bank of TN at Nashville: $5 James Madison, no face tint, plain back, Proof, N-B.TN3-5-1Pf; Bank of TN at Knoxville: $0.25 Thick wide overprint, Pres.

Printed, Oct. 1, 1862, K-B.TN3-25c-4; Improved or Color Images or Higher Resolution: Nashville Scrip: $1.00 A. Erwin & Sons, June 27, 1816, N-M.Erw-1; Chattanooga Merchant Scrip: $0.50 Eufaula, J. Martin, January 23, 1858, C-M.JMa-50c-1; Bank of Knoxville: $5 Industry seated.

L: Dyer Pearl, FIVE Overprint, Proof, K-B.K-5-2aPf 1/8/2016 Hugh Shull New Listing: Nashville Scrip: $3.00 The White Creek Spring Co., S. Atkinson President, June 13, 1862, N-M.WCS-3 Heritage 141552 lot 85109 New Listing: Western & Atlantic Railroad: $3.00 W&A RR, Eagle, Issued by H. Howard contractor, 7 Sept.

1840, C-R.W&A-3-1 John Abernathy New Listing: Bank of Tazwell: $5 Ornamental 5, R: blacksmith shop, farm field lunch, Oct. 1, 1854, red back, Tz-B.Tz-5-3 Improved or Color Images or Higher Resolution: Bank of America issued note: $10 Liberty, Arms Shield, Soldier, red TEN OP, branch blank, Cr-B.Ame-10-2 Heritage Auction 141543 New Listing: Wills Valley Railroad: $0.25 STATE OF GEORGIA, Ancient Train, March 1, 1862 C-R.Wil-25c-3; Check on Bank of Tennessee at Trenton: $2.00 Taliaferro & Mason, pale green, open 2 font, payable Bank TN at Trenton, April 29, 1862, T-M.T&M-2-3a Heritage Auction 141542 New Listing: Western & Atlantic Railroad: $0.50 W&A RR, Branch Bank of Brunswick, H. Contractors W&A RR, Oct 24, 1842, C-R.W&A-50c-3 (discovery note) Heritage Auction 3539 (Eric Newman) New Listing: Bank of the United States(2nd): $20 Spread Eagle on top of shield, R&L: 20 in sidewise oval die, Counterfeit, N-B.US-20-1aCf Improved or Color Images or Higher Resolution: Jackson Merchant Scrip: $0.25 W. Bishop, April 1, 1862, J-M.Bis-25c; Central Bank of TN Parish Branch: $10 Liberty, eagle, train, Paris on branch line, plain back, P-B.Cen-10-3 9/9/2015 John Abernathy New Listing: Historical information added on Pulaski scrip signed by J.