• • • Individual contributors to and political are associated with philosophers of the. Liberalism as a specifically named ideology begins in the late 18th century as a movement towards self-government and away from.

It included the ideas of self-determination, the primacy of the individual and the nation, as opposed to the state and religion, as being the fundamental units of law, politics and economy. Since then liberalism has broadened to include a wide range of approaches from,, and as well as the and the. Some of these people moved away from, while others espoused other before turning to liberalism. There are many different views of what constitutes liberalism, and some liberals would feel that some of the people on this list were not true liberals. It is intended to be suggestive rather than exhaustive. Theorists whose ideas were mainly typical for one country should be listed in that country's section of. Generally only thinkers are listed, politicians are only listed when they, beside their active political work, also made substantial contributions to liberal theory.

Thomas Hobbes (England, 1588–1679) theorized that government is the result of individual actions and human traits, and that it was motivated primarily by 'interest', a term which would become crucial in the development of a liberal theory of government and political economy, since it is the foundation of the idea that individuals can be self-governing and self-regulating. His work Leviathan, did not advocate this viewpoint, but instead that only a strong government could restrain unchecked interest: it did, however, advance a proto-liberal position in arguing for an inalienable 'right of nature,' the right to defend oneself, even against the state. [ ] Though it is problematic to classify Hobbes himself as a liberal, his work influenced Locke, Hamilton, Jefferson, Madison and many other later liberals, leading to identify Hobbes as the 'father of liberalism'. • Contributing literature: •, 1651 (Theologico-Political Treatise) Baruch Spinoza [ ] (Netherlands, 1632–1677) is in his Tractatus Theologico-Politicus and Tractatus Politicus a proto-liberal defending the value of as well as forms of. In the first mentioned book, Spinoza expresses an early criticism of religious intolerance and a defense of. Spinoza was a thoroughgoing who held that absolutely everything that happens occurs through the operation of. For him, even human behaviour is fully determined, freedom being our capacity to know we are determined and to understand why we act as we do.

So freedom is not the possibility to say 'no' to what happens to us but the possibility to say 'yes' and fully understand why things should necessarily happen that way. • Contributing literature: •, 1670 (Theologico-Political Treatise, ) • Tractatus Politicus, 1677 (Political Treatise) From Locke to Mill [ ] John Locke [ ]. John Locke 's (England, 1632–1704) notion that a ' with the consent of the governed' and man's —,, and () as well on, as laid down in A letter concerning toleration and Two treatises of government—had an enormous influence on the development of. Developed a theory of property resting on the actions of individuals, rather than on descent or nobility.

• Some literature: •, 1689 •, 1689 John Trenchard [ ] (United Kingdom, 1662–1723) was co-author, with Thomas Gordon of Cato's Letters. These newspaper essays condemned and advanced principles of and and were a main vehicle for spreading the that had been developed. • Some literature: • / John Trenchard & Thomas Gordon, 1720–1723 Charles de Montesquieu [ ].

A Discourse on Inequality (Penguin Classics) [Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Maurice Cranston] on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. In A Discourse on Inequality, Rousseau sets out to demonstrate how the growth of civilization corrupts man's natural happiness and freedom by creating artificial inequalities of.

Adam Smith (Great Britain, 1723–1790), often considered the founder of modern, was a key figure in formulating and advancing economic doctrine of free trade and competition. In his Adam Smith outlined the key idea that if the economy is basically left to its own devices, limited and finite resources will be put to ultimately their most efficient use through people acting purely in their self-interest.

This concept has been quoted out of context by later economists as the of the market. Record Of Lodoss War Avi Download. Smith also advanced property rights and personal, including stopping slavery, which today partly form the basic liberal ideology. He was also opposed to stock-holding companies, what today is called a 'corporation', because he predicated the self-policing of the free market upon the free association of moral individuals. • Some literature: •, 1776 •, 1759 Immanuel Kant [ ]. Amartya Sen (India, 1933– ) is an economist whose early work was based on 's General Possibility Theorem, and on the impossibility of both complete and solely procedural based rights. Won for his work on, and.

Advocate of rationality as the fundamental safe guard of freedom and justice. • Some literature: • Development as Freedom • The Argumentative Indian Robert Nozick [ ] (United States, 1938–2002) was a (or ). He advocated an unapologetically reductionist political philosophy characterized by meticulous analysis of the moral aspects of each social interaction, and did not shy away from addressing hard philosophical issues such as the original appropriation of property. Nozick is best known for providing the justification of a minimal state by showing that it can be established without any unjust steps.

• Some literature: •, 1974 Hernando de Soto [ ] The economist (Peru, 1941– ) is an advocate of transparency and private property rights, arguing that intransparent government leads to property not being given proper title, and therefore being 'dead capital' which cannot be used as the basis of credit. Argues that laws which allocate property to those most able to use them for economic growth, so called 'squatter's rights', are an important innovation. • Some literature: • The Other Path, 1986. Proteus Library Update Download more. • The Mystery of Capital, 2000.

Carlos Santiago Nino [ ] (Argentina, 1943–1993) • Some literature: • The Ethics of Human Rights Bruce Ackerman [ ] (United States, 1943– ) • Some literature: • We, The People Will Kymlicka [ ] (Canada, 1962– ) tries in his philosophy to determine if forms of ethnic or minority are compatible with liberal-democratic principles of individual freedom, social equality and political democracy. In his book Multicultural Citizenship. A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights he argues that certain 'group-differentiated rights' of minority cultures can be consistent with these liberal-democratic principles.

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